Methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers, terpolymers

ABSTRACT

Methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers. The methods include providing a free radical initiator with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture, in which the monomeric repeating units include a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), and optionally a third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which the organic solvent is chosen from monoethylene glycol, ethanol, toluene, or combination thereof; and (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymer. Methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates include contacting a fluid with the acryloyl-based copolymer synthesized in the reaction mixture.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/332,758, filed May 6, 2016, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/500,143, filed May 2, 2017, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to acryloyl-based copolymers and terpolymers, to methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers and terpolymers, and to methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates.

BACKGROUND

Conditions favoring formation of clathrate hydrates are often found in pipelines. With the expansion of offshore gas exploration and production, the formation of clathrate hydrates has become a serious operational concern in both gas transportation and gas processing. Agglomeration and adherence of clathrate hydrates to pipeline walls can reduce gas production, plug sections of the pipeline, and even block the pipeline, thereby leading to a pipeline shutdown. In order to maintain gas production and avoid pipeline shutdown, clathrate hydrate inhibitors have been added to pipeline fluids.

Commercially available clathrate hydrate inhibitors include thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (that is, THIs), which act to modify the conditions at which clathrate hydrates form in pipeline fluids. For example, THIs may be added to pipeline fluids at high concentrations (for example, up to 0.8 weight/weight, that is w/w of the water cut) to modify the pressure, temperature, or a combination of the pressure and temperature at which clathrate hydrates form. Ethylene glycol (that is, monoethylene glycol or MEG) and methanol are examples of THIs. Another type of commercially available clathrate hydrate inhibitors are low dose hydrate inhibitors (that is, LDHIs), which act to: (1) kinetically delay clathrate hydrate nucleation, and (2) inhibit clathrate hydrate growth. With regard to kinetically delaying clathrate hydrate nucleation, LDHIs may interact with clathrate hydrate nuclei during early formation of clathrate hydrates. With regard to inhibiting clathrate hydrate growth, LDHIs may inhibit clathrate hydrate growth by binding to a surface of the clathrate hydrate. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and poly(N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide) are examples of LDHIs. A third type of commercially available clathrate hydrate inhibitors are anti-agglomerates (that is, AAs), which act to inhibit clathrate hydrate agglomeration. With regard to inhibiting clathrate hydrate agglomeration, AAs may inhibit clathrate hydrate agglomeration by adsorbing to clathrate hydrates to prevent massive accumulation of clathrate hydrates. In one or more embodiments, AAs may inhibit clathrate hydrate agglomeration such that clathrate hydrates are kept in the form of a suspension. Examples of AAs are anti-agglomerates based on quaternary ammonium cations.

Recently, THIs have been replaced by commercially available LDHIs, because THIs are viewed as being difficult to separate from pipeline fluids, are harmful to the environment, and require high concentrations to be effective. However, commercially available LDHIs are also imperfect in that some are inefficient or incompatible with other additives, for example, corrosion inhibitors. Further, commercially available LDHIs which are capable of inhibiting clathrate hydrates having a structure (Type) I (that is, SI) crystalline structure under severe conditions, for example, extreme subcooling temperatures and pressure, are limited. Moreover, commercially available LDHIs, which are capable of inhibiting clathrate hydrates having a SI crystalline structure, are limited to a narrow subcooling temperature range. Also, AAs are imperfect in that they fail to inhibit formation of clathrate hydrates.

Current methods for synthesizing clathrate hydrate inhibitors may require tedious separation processes. More specifically, methods for synthesizing clathrate hydrate inhibitors may require tedious separation processes prior to use of the synthesized clathrate hydrate inhibitors in inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates.

SUMMARY

In view of the Background, there is an ongoing need for methods for synthesizing clathrate hydrate inhibitors, for methods of inhibiting clathrate hydrate formation, and for clathrate hydrate inhibitors. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to copolymers and terpolymers having General Formula (I), to methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates, and to methods for synthesizing copolymers and terpolymers having General Formula (I). In embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers and terpolymers, the methods including: (A) providing a free radical initiator with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture, in which: the monomeric repeating units include a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), and optionally a third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c):

in which: R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where: the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹, R³, R⁴, or R⁵ is two; and the organic solvent is chosen from monoethylene glycol, ethanol, toluene, or combination thereof; and (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymer or terpolymer.

Additional features and advantages of the described embodiments in this disclosure will be set forth in the Detailed Description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described in this disclosure, including the Detailed Description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following Detailed Description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this disclosure. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments described in this disclosure, and together with the Detailed Description serve to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic depicting an offshore tie-in-platform in fluidic communication with wellheads and with an onshore plant via pipelines, where the tie-in-platform includes a receptacle for holding clathrate hydrate inhibitors;

FIG. 2 is a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (that is, ¹H-NMR) spectrum (400 megahertz, that is MHz, D₂O) of acryloyl-based terpolymer having structure (ABT-10) as disclosed in Table 1, where Chemical Shift δ [parts per million, that is ppm]=3.7 (br, 12H, CH₂—N—CH₂); 2.7 (br, 4H, CH₂—O—CH₂); or 1.7 (br, CH₂— block main chain and CH₂— in pyrrolidine and piperidine rings), and where dashed lines (A, B, C, and D) are depicted for estimating via integration the number of protons associated with spectrum peaks;

FIG. 3 is a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (that is, ¹³C-NMR) spectrum (100 MH_(Z), D₂O) of acryloyl-based terpolymer having structure (ABT-10) as disclosed in Table 1, where Chemical Shift (that is, ppm)=174.5 (C═O), 66.4 (CH₂—O—CH₂), 46.8 (CH₂—N—CH₂), 43.8, 38.8, 34.2, 27.2, 23.8;

FIG. 4 is a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Pressure (Bar) of Brine and a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Temperature (degrees Celsius, that is ° C.) of Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, RC Temp), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 5 is a graph of Time (minutes, that is Min) with respect to Pressure (Bars) of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-1) (that is, KHI-5), (ABB-2) (that is, KHI-7), (ABB-3) (that is, KHI-8), and (ABB-4) (that is, KHI-9) as disclosed in Table 1 and of acryloyl-based terpolymers having structure (ABT-10) (that is, KHI-6) as disclosed in Table 1, and a graph of Time (Min) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, Temperature), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 6 is a graph of Time (Min) with respect to Pressure (Bars) of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-5) (that is, KHI-10), (ABB-6) (that is, KHI-12), (ABB-7) (KHI-13), and (ABB-8) (that is, KHI-11) as disclosed in Table 1 and of polyvinylcaprolactam (that is, KHI-14), and a graph of Time (Min) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, Temperature), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 7 is a graph of Time (Min) with respect to Pressure (Bars) of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) (that is, KHI-16) and of acryloyl-based terpolymers having structure (ABB-15) (that is, KHI-15) as disclosed in Table 1, and a graph of Time (Min) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, Temperature), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 8 is a graph of Duration (Min) with respect to Pressure (Bars) of acryloyl-based homopolymers having structure (ABH-11) (that is, KHI-1), (ABH-12) (that is, KHI-2), (ABH-13) (that is, KHI-3), and (ABH-14) (that is, KHI-4), and a graph of Duration (Min) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, RC Temp), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 9A is a ¹H-NMR spectrum of acryloyl-based biopolymer having structure (ABB-9) as disclosed in Table 1 synthesized in water (that is, KFUPM 65+EG);

FIG. 9B is a ¹H-NMR spectrum of acryloyl-based biopolymer having structure (ABB-9) as disclosed in Table 1 synthesized in monoethylene glycol (that is, Polymer formed in EG);

FIG. 10 is a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Pressure (Bar) of Brine and a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, RC Temp), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4;

FIG. 11 is a graph of Time (min) with respect to Pressure (bar) of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) synthesized in monoethylene glycol as disclosed in Table 1 in Rocking Cells RC-5 1 (that is, P1), 2 (that is, P2), 3 (that is, P3), and 4 (that is, P4), and a graph of Time (min) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, Temperature (° C.)), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4; and

FIG. 12 is a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Pressure (Bar) of (i) acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) synthesized in water as disclosed in Table 1 in Rocking Cells RC-5 1 (that is, P1), 2 (that is, P2), 3 (that is, P3), and 4 (that is, P4), and (ii) water in Rocking Cells RC-5 5 (that is, P5), and a graph of Time (Minutes) with respect to Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 (that is, Temperature (° C.)), where the Temperature (° C.) of the Rocking Cells RC-5 is programmed to change in three stages in accordance with the Starting Temperature (° C.), Average Ramp (° C./minute) and Duration (hours) as set forth in Table 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the present-disclosed subject matter.

The term “copolymer” refers to a polymer having two or more different monomeric repeating units. For example, the copolymer may include two different monomeric repeating units (that is, a bipolymer). Alternatively, the copolymer may include three different monomeric repeating units (that is, a terpolymer). In one or more embodiments, the copolymers are random. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the copolymers are random when the distribution of monomeric repeating units follows statistical laws. For example, copolymers are random when the probability of finding a given monomeric repeating unit at a particular point in the polymer chain is equal to the mole fraction of that monomeric repeating unit in the chain. Random copolymers may also be referred to as statistical copolymers.

The term “monovalent” refers to a radical having an unsatisfied valence of one, where a valence “—” is unsatisfied at one end of the radical. For example, in embodiments where a hydrocarbon group is present at one end of an aliphatic radical or a heteroaliphatic radical, the aliphatic radical or the heteroaliphatic radical is monovalent when one hydrogen atom has been removed from the hydrocarbon group present at one end of the aliphatic radical or the heteroaliphatic radical. As another example, in embodiments where a heteroatom is present at one end of the heteroaliphatic radical, the heteroaliphatic radical is monovalent when the heteroatom present at one end of the heteroaliphatic radical has an unsatisfied valence “—”.

The term “divalent” refers to a radical having an unsatisfied valence of two, where a valence “—” is unsatisfied at two ends of the radical. For example, in embodiments where a hydrocarbon group is present at two ends of an aliphatic radical or a heteroaliphatic radical, the aliphatic radical or the heteroaliphatic radical is divalent when one hydrogen atom has been removed from each of the hydrocarbon groups present at two ends of the aliphatic radical or the heteroaliphatic radical. As another example, in embodiments where a heteroatom is present at two ends of the heteroaliphatic radical, the heteroaliphatic radical is divalent when each of the heteroatoms present at two ends of the heteroaliphatic radical has an unsatisfied valence “—”. Similarly, as another example, in embodiments where a hydrocarbon group is present at one end of a heteroaliphatic radical and a heteroatom is present at one end of the heteroaliphatic radical, the heteroaliphatic radical is divalent when one hydrogen atom has been removed from the hydrocarbon group present at one end of the heteroaliphatic radical and when the heteroatom present at one end of the heteroaliphatic radical has an unsatisfied valence “—”.

The term “aliphatic” refers to saturated straight chain (that is, linear or unbranched) and branched hydrocarbon radicals. In embodiments, the aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals are monovalent or divalent. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, aliphatic is intended to include, but is not limited to, alkyl moieties. Thus, the term “alkyl” includes straight and branched alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, the term “lower alkyl” may be used to indicate alkyl groups (branched or unbranched) having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

In embodiments, the alkyl groups described contain from 1 to 7 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, the alkyl groups described contain from 1 to 5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl groups described contain from 1 to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms. Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl, moieties and the like.

The term “heteroaliphatic” refers to aliphatic radicals in which one or more carbon atoms in the main chain have been substituted with a heteroatom. By way of example, an aliphatic radical having four main chain atoms where one carbon atom has been substituted with one heteroatom is referred to as a C₄ heteroaliphatic. As another example, an aliphatic radical having seven main chain atoms where two carbon atoms have been substituted with two heteroatoms is referred to as a C₇ heteroaliphatic. In embodiments, the heteroaliphatic radicals are monovalent or divalent. Thus, heteroaliphatic is intended to include aliphatic chains which contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms, for example, in place of carbon atoms. Heteroaliphatic moieties may be linear or branched.

The term “alicyclic” refers to radicals that combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic moieties and include but are not limited to monocyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons and bridged cycloalkyl compounds, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, “alicyclic” is intended to include, but is not limited to, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups. Illustrative alicyclic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, cyclopropyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, —CH₂-cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, —CH₂-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, —CH₂-cyclohexyl, cyclohexenylethyl, cyclohexanylethyl, norbornyl moieties and the like, which optionally may bear one or more substituents.

The term “heterocycloalkyl,” “heterocycle,” or “heterocyclic” refers to radicals that combine the properties of heteroaliphatic and cyclic moieties and include, but are not limited to, saturated mono- or polycyclic ring systems having from 5 to 8 atoms, where at least one ring atom is an S, O, or N heteroatom; and where zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently chosen from S, O, and N (where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized). In certain embodiments, the terms heterocycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocyclic refer to non-aromatic 5-membered, 6-membered, or 7-membered rings or polycyclic moieties where at least one ring atom is a N heteroatom, and where zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently chosen from S, O, and N (where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen atom may be quarternized) including, but not limited to, bicyclic or tricyclic groups. Representative heterocycles include, but are not limited to, heterocycles such as pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, dithiazolyl, dithiazolidinyl, and azepanyl. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyls, heterocycles or heterocyclics are saturated mono- or polycyclic moieties having from 5 to 8 ring atoms of which one ring atom is N; and of which zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently chosen from S, O, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, the radicals being joined to the rest of the molecule via a N ring atom, such as, for example, pyrollidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and azepanyl.

The term “aromatic moiety” refers to a stable monocyclic or polycyclic, unsaturated moiety. In embodiments, the aromatic moiety includes from 3 to 18 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. In embodiments, the terms “aromatic moiety” refer to a planar ring having p-orbitals perpendicular to the plane of the ring at each ring atom and satisfying the Hückel rule where the number of pi electrons in the ring is (4n+2), where n is an integer. A monocyclic or polycyclic, unsaturated moiety that does not satisfy one or all of these criteria for aromaticity is defined as “non-aromatic” and is encompassed by the term “alicyclic.”

The term “heteroaromatic moiety” refers to a stable monocyclic or polycyclic, unsaturated moiety including at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, and N within the ring (that is, in place of a ring carbon atom). In embodiments, the heteroaromatic moiety has from 3 to 18 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. In embodiments, the term “heteroaromatic moiety” refers to a planar ring including at least one heteroatom, having p-orbitals perpendicular to the plane of the ring at each ring atom, and satisfying the Hückel rule where the number of pi electrons in the ring is (4n+2), where n is an integer.

It should be appreciated that aromatic and heteroaromatic moieties, as defined may be attached via an alkyl or heteroalkyl moiety and thus also include, as non-limiting examples: -(alkyl)-aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)-aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)-heteroaromatic, and -(heteroalkyl)-heteroaromatic moieties. Thus, as used, the phrases “aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties” and “aromatic, heteroaromatic, -(alkyl)-aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)-aromatic, -(heteroalkyl)-heteroaromatic, and -(heteroalkyl)-heteroaromatic” are interchangeable. Substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the previously mentioned substituents, that is, the substituents recited for aliphatic moieties, or for other moieties as disclosed, resulting in the formation of a stable compound.

The term “clathrate hydrates” refers to crystalline water-based solids in which host water molecules enclathrate gas guest molecules. In one or more embodiments, crystalline water-based solids in which host water molecules are hydrogen bonded around the gas guest molecules such that the gas guest molecules are trapped inside cages of hydrogen bonded host water molecules. The clathrate hydrates may include a structure (Type) I (that is, SI), a structure (Type) II (that is, SIT), or a structure (Type) H (that is, SH) crystalline structure.

The terms “inhibit”, “inhibition”, and “inhibiting” refer to any improvement in controlling, delaying, reducing, mitigating, preventing, or combination thereof the formation, growth, adherence, agglomeration, or combination thereof of clathrate hydrates in any manner. For example, clathrate hydrate inhibition includes, but should not be limited to, thermodynamically modifying the conditions at which clathrate hydrates form, kinetically delaying clathrate hydrate nucleation, dissolving clathrate hydrates, breaking up clathrate hydrates, or combination thereof. Further, clathrate hydrate inhibition may include the complete cessation of clathrate hydrate formation, where clathrate hydrate formation is entirely prevented.

The terms “formation”, “forming”, and “form” refer to any process in which host water molecules enclathrate gas guest molecules in a crystalline structure, in which clathrate hydrates grow, in which clathrate hydrates adhere, in which clathrate hydrates agglomerate, or combination thereof. The term “enclathrate” refers to hydrogen bonding of host water molecules around gas guest molecules.

The terms “subcooling temperature” and “T_(sc)” refer to the difference between an operating temperature of a field gas and the three-phase equilibrium temperature of the clathrate hydrate of the field gas at 140 bars. Thus, the term “first subcooling temperature” refers to the difference between an operating temperature of a field gas in a first operation stage and the three-phase equilibrium temperature. In embodiments, the first subcooling temperature is from about 0° C. to about 4.0° C., or from about 0° C. to about 1.0° C., or from about 1.0° C. to about 2.0° C., or from about 2.0° C. to about 3.5° C., or about 4.0° C. Similarly, the term “second subcooling temperature” refers to the difference between an operating temperature of a field gas in a second operation stage and the three-phase equilibrium temperature. In embodiments, the second subcooling temperature is from about 4.0° C. to about 5.6° C., or from about 4.0° C. to about 4.6° C., or from about 4.6° C. to about 5.0° C., or from about 5.0° C. to about 5.6° C., or about 5.6° C. Additionally, the term “third subcooling temperature” refers to the difference between an operating temperature of a field gas in a third operation stage and the three-phase equilibrium temperature. In embodiments, the third subcooling temperature is from about 5.6° C. to about 10.5° C., or from about 5.6° C. to about 7.0° C., or from about 7.0° C. to about 8.5° C., or from about 8.5° C. to about 10.0° C., or about 8.5° C.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward acryloyl-based copolymers (that is, ABC) having General Formula (I), to methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I), and to methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates using acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I). Embodiments of the acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I) will now be described in detail. Thereafter, embodiments of methods for synthesizing copolymers of General Formula (I) will be described. Then, methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates using acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I) will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

I. Acryloyl-Based Copolymers of General Formula (I)

In one or more embodiments, the disclosure describes acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I):

In the copolymers of General Formula (I), R¹ and R³ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹ and R³ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹ or R³ is two.

Additionally, in the copolymers of General Formula (I), R² is chosen from Q¹ and Q²:

in which: R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where: the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R⁴ and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R⁴ or R⁵ is two. Also in the copolymers of General Formula (I), x is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; y is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; and z is a molar fraction range chosen from 0 to about 0.8, where the summation of x, y, and z equals 1.

In the copolymers of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹ is two. In embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ linear aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ branched aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and divalent C₄-C₇ branched heteroaliphatic groups. In embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In still other embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups including one heteroatom, where the heteroatom is O. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is chosen from —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₅—, and —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—.

In one or more embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more substituting groups. In embodiments where R¹ is substituted with one or more substituting groups, R¹ may include from 1 to 3 substituting groups. In embodiments where R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted with one or more substituting groups, the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include additional unsatisfied valences “—” within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups. For example, in embodiments where R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted, additional hydrogen atoms may have been removed from the hydrocarbon groups present within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups.

In embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one or more lower alkyls. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₃ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one or more substituting groups independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl moieties, or combination thereof.

In other embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S. In embodiments where R¹ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, the heteroatoms may form a single bond or a double bond with R¹. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one heteroatom chosen from O, N, and S. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is substituted with one heteroatom, where the one heteroatom is O.

In embodiments where R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, the C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include an unsatisfied valence “—” at two ends. In this way, R¹ forms a heterocycloalkyl or a heterocycle when bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule via its two unsatisfied end valences. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R¹ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer is non-aromatic. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrollidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and azepanyl. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and azepanyl.

In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R¹ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule has the following structure:

where the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle is attached to the rest of the copolymer molecule via *. In embodiments, the

is substituted. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In the copolymers of General Formula (I), R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R³ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R³ is two. In embodiments, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ linear aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ branched aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and divalent C₄-C₇ branched heteroaliphatic groups. In embodiments, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other embodiments, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is —(CH₂)₄—.

In one or more embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted with one or more substituting groups. In embodiments where R³ is substituted with one or more substituting groups, R³ may include from 1 to 3 substituting groups. In embodiments where R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted with one or more substituting groups, the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include additional unsatisfied valences “—” within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups. For example, in embodiments where R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted, additional hydrogen atoms may have been removed from the hydrocarbon groups present within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups.

In embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R³ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is substituted with one or more lower alkyls. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₃ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is substituted with one or more substituting groups independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl moieties, or combination thereof.

In other embodiments, R³ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S. In embodiments where R³ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, the heteroatoms may form a single bond or a double bond with R³. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is substituted with one heteroatom chosen from O, N, and S. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is substituted with one heteroatom, where the one heteroatom is O.

In embodiments where R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, the C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include an unsatisfied valence “—” at two ends. In this way, R³ forms a heterocycloalkyl or a heterocycle when bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule via its two unsatisfied end valences. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R³ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer is non-aromatic. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrollidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and azepanyl. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and azepanyl.

In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R³ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule has the following structure:

where the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle is attached to the rest of the copolymer molecule via *. In embodiments, the

is substituted. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In the copolymers of General Formula (I), R² is chosen from Q¹ and Q²:

In Q¹ and Q², R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R⁴ and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R⁴ or R⁵ is two.

In embodiments where R² is Q¹, R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ linear aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ branched aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and divalent C₄-C₇ branched heteroaliphatic groups. In embodiments, R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other embodiments, R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is chosen from —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₅—, and —(CH₂)₆—.

In one or more embodiments where R² is Q¹, R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more substituting groups. In embodiments where R⁴ is substituted with one or more substituting groups, R⁴ may include from 1 to 3 substituting groups. In embodiments where R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted with one or more substituting groups, the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include additional unsatisfied valences “—” within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups. For example, in embodiments where R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted, additional hydrogen atoms may have been removed from the hydrocarbon groups present within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups.

In embodiments where R² is Q¹, R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one or more lower alkyls. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₃ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one or more substituting groups independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl moieties, or combination thereof.

In other embodiments where R² is Q¹, R⁴ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S. In embodiments where R⁴ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, the heteroatoms may form a single bond or a double bond with R⁴. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one heteroatom chosen from O, N, and S. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is substituted with one heteroatom, where the one heteroatom is O.

In embodiments where R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, the C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include an unsatisfied valence “—” at two ends. In this way, R⁴ forms a heterocycloalkyl or a heterocycle when bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule via its two unsatisfied end valences. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R⁴ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer is non-aromatic. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrollidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and azepanyl. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and azepanyl.

In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R⁴ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule has the following structure:

where the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle is attached to the rest of the copolymer molecule via *. In embodiments, the

is substituted. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

and

In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In embodiments where R² is Q², R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ linear aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ branched aliphatic groups, divalent C₄-C₇ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and divalent C₄-C₇ branched heteroaliphatic groups. In embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from —(CH₂)₆— substituted with an O heteroatom.

In one or more embodiments where R² is Q², R⁵ is optionally substituted with one or more substituting groups. In embodiments where R⁵ is substituted with one or more substituting groups, R⁵ may include from 1 to 3 substituting groups. In embodiments where R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted with one or more substituting groups, the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include additional unsatisfied valences “—” within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups. For example, in embodiments where R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups and is substituted, additional hydrogen atoms may have been removed from the hydrocarbon groups present within the divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups to accommodate bonding with the substituting groups.

In embodiments where R² is Q², R⁵ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R⁵ is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₆ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one or more lower alkyls. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ linear aliphatic groups, C₁-C₃ branched aliphatic groups, or combination thereof. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one or more substituting groups independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, allyl moieties, or combination thereof.

In other embodiments where R² is Q², R⁵ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S. In embodiments where R⁵ is substituted with one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, the heteroatoms may form a single bond or a double bond with R⁵. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one heteroatom chosen from O, N, and S. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is substituted with one heteroatom, where the one heteroatom is O.

In embodiments where R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, the C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and the C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups include an unsatisfied valence “—” at two ends. In this way, R⁵ forms a heterocycloalkyl or a heterocycle when bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule via its two unsatisfied end valences. In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R⁵ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer is non-aromatic. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrollidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, and azepanyl. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycle formed is chosen from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and azepanyl.

In embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle formed when R⁵ is bonded with the —N— in the rest of the copolymer molecule has the following structure:

where the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle is attached to the rest of the copolymer molecule via *. In embodiments, the

is substituted. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

and

In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the

is chosen from

In the copolymers of General Formula (I) x is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; y is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; and z is a molar fraction range chosen from 0 to about 0.8. In embodiments, x is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9, from about 0.25 to about 0.75, or from about 0.33 to about 0.66, or a molar fraction of about 0.5. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, x is a molar fraction of greater than 0. In embodiments, y is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9, or from about 0.25 to about 0.75, or from about 0.33 to about 0.66, or a molar fraction of about 0.5. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, y is a molar fraction of greater than 0. In embodiments, z is a molar fraction range chosen from 0 to about 0.8, or from about 0.25 to about 0.5, or a molar fraction of about 0.33. In embodiments, z is a molar fraction of greater than 0. In the copolymers of General Formula (I), the summation of x, y and z equals 1. In embodiments, x and y are equimolar fractions. In other embodiments, x, y, and z are equimolar fractions.

In embodiments, the viscosity average molecular weight of the copolymers of General Formula (I) is from about 500 grams/mole (that is g/mol) to about 1,000,000 g/mol, or from about 750 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, or from about 1,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol, or from about 2,500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol. In embodiments, the viscosity average molecular weight of the copolymers was determined via gel permeation chromatography (that is, GPC), employing 0.7% trimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran (that is, THF) as a mobile phase, Phenogel™ (Phenomenex, Sutter Creek, Calif.) as stationary phases (of differing pore sizes, 500 Å, 100 Å, and 50 Å) in three columns in series, with a refractive index detector (that is, RID). Calibration was performed using polystyrene standards. Moreover, the viscosity average molecular weight of the copolymers of General Formula (I) as determined by GPC was confirmed via sulfur elemental analysis. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the viscosity average molecular weight of the copolymers of General Formula (I) is from about 500 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol. In alternative illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the viscosity average molecular weight of the copolymers of General Formula (I) is from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, and R⁴ and R⁵ are substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ aliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R² is Q¹, and R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R² is Q², and R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R² is Q¹, and R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R² is Q², and R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R² is Q², R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and R⁵ is substituted with one heteroatom independently chosen from O, N, and S.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, x is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, and z is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.5. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, x is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, y is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, and z is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.5.

In Table 1, copolymers having General Formula (I) according to various embodiments are provided:

TABLE 1 Copolymers of General Formula (I) Reference Copolymer of General Formula (I) Name ABB-1

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) ABB-2

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Poly(N-acryloylhomopiperidine) ABB-3

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Poly(N-acryloylhomopiperidine) ABB-4

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Poly(N-acryloylhomopiperidine) ABB-5

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Polyvinylcaprolactam ABB-6

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Polyvinylcaprolactam ABB-7

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) and Polyvinylcaprolactam ABB-8

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) and Polyvinylcaprolactam ABB-9

Bipolymer of Poly(N-acryloylpiperidine) and Poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) ABT-10

Terpolymer of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine), Poly(N-acryloylpiperidine), and Poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) ABB-15

Bipolymer of Poly(N- acryloylmorpholine) and Poly(N-acryloylpiperidine)

In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is water soluble. In further embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is thermally stable. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is thermally stable up to a temperature of about 50° C.

Embodiments of acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I) have been described in detail. Embodiments of methods for synthesizing the copolymers of General Formula (I) will be described.

II. Methods for Synthesizing Acryloyl-Based Copolymers of General Formula (I)

In one or more embodiments, the disclosure describes methods for synthesizing the copolymers of General Formula (I). However, the copolymers of General Formula (I) may be synthesized via any suitable synthetic scheme known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. In embodiments, the disclosure describes methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers of General Formula (I). In embodiments, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include: (A) providing a free radical initiator with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent or water to form a reaction mixture; and (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymers. In embodiments, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include providing a free radical initiator with a solution including an organic solvent in (A). In embodiments, the acryloyl-based copolymers are synthesized in a closed system.

The monomeric repeating units in (A) may include a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), and optionally a third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c):

in which R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹, R³, R⁴, or R⁵ is two. The organic solvent may be chosen from monoethylene glycol, ethanol, toluene, or combination thereof.

In embodiments, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include (A) providing a free radical initiator with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture. In embodiments, the free radical initiator is chosen from azo free radical initiators, peroxide free radical initiators, or combination thereof. In embodiments, the free radical initiator is a peroxide free radical initiator chosen from organic peroxide free radical initiators, inorganic peroxide free radical initiators, or combination thereof.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is an azo free radical initiator. Azo free radical initiators may initiate a reversible-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (that is, RAFT). In embodiments, thermally treating, such as with heating, azo free radical initiators to decomposition releases N₂ and produces two equivalents of reactive radicals capable of initiating polymerization. In some embodiments, the azo free radical initiator includes azo compounds having formula (1e):

R⁶—N=N—R⁷  (1e).

In embodiments, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently chosen from monovalent C₁-C₈ aliphatic groups, monovalent C₁-C₈ heteroaliphatic groups, monovalent C₅-C₈ alicyclic groups, monovalent C₅-C₈ heterocyclic groups, monovalent C₅-C₈ aromatic moieties, and monovalent C₅-C₈ heteroaromatic moieties. The aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic groups or moieties described with regard to R⁶ and R⁷ are optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, C₃-C₁₈ alicyclic groups, C₃-C₁₈ heterocyclic groups, C₃-C₁₈ aromatic moieties, C₃-C₁₈ heteroaromatic moieties, cyano groups, —OH groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic groups or moieties described with regard to R⁶ and R⁷ are substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, C₃-C₈ alicyclic groups, C₃-C₈ heterocyclic groups, C₃-C₈ aromatic moieties, C₃-C₈ heteroaromatic moieties, cyano groups, —OH groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the azo free radical initiator is chosen from 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (that is, ABCVA), azobisisobutyronitrile (that is, AIBN), 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (that is, ACHN), triphenylmethylazobenzene, or combination thereof. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the azo free radical initiator is ABCVA.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is an organic peroxide free radical initiator. Organic peroxide free radical initiators may include a peroxide bond (—O—O—) which is readily cleaved to provide two oxygen-centered radicals. In embodiments, the free radical initiator is an organic peroxide free radical initiator chosen from dialiphatic peroxides and hydroperoxides. In some embodiments, the organic peroxide free radical initiator includes compounds having formula (1f):

R⁸—O—O—R⁹  (1f).

In embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently chosen from hydrogen, monovalent C₁-C₈ aliphatic groups, monovalent C₁-C₈ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, C₃-C₁₈ alicyclic groups, C₃-C₁₈ heterocyclic groups, C₃-C₁₈ aromatic moieties, C₃-C₁₈ heteroaromatic moieties, —OH groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In embodiments, the aliphatic and heteroaliphatic groups described with regard to R⁸ and R⁹ are substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, C₃-C₈ alicyclic groups, C₃-C₈ heterocyclic groups, C₃-C₈ aromatic moieties, C₃-C₈ heteroaromatic moieties, —OH groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the organic peroxide free radical initiator is chosen from benzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, tent-butyl hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, or combination thereof. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the organic peroxide free radical initiator is benzoyl peroxide.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is an inorganic peroxide free radical initiator. Inorganic peroxide free radical initiators may include ionic, salt compounds having a peroxide bond (—O—O—) which is readily cleaved to provide two oxygen-centered radicals. Inorganic peroxide free radical initiators may function in a manner similar to that described previously with regard to organic peroxide free radical initiators. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the inorganic peroxide free radical initiator is chosen from peroxydisulfate salts. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments the inorganic peroxide free radical initiator is a peroxydisulfate salt chosen from ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and sodium persulfate.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is provided in (A) with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture. The monomeric repeating units may include a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), and optionally a third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c), as previously described. In embodiments, R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹, R³, R⁴, or R⁵ is two.

With regard to the first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), in illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups.

With regard to the second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), in illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ aliphatic groups. In yet still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups, and R⁴ and R⁵ are substituted with one or more C₁-C₃ aliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are substituted with heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments where the second monomeric repeating unit has formula (1b), R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments where the second monomeric repeating unit has formula (1d), R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In yet still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and R⁵ is substituted with one heteroatom independently chosen from O, N, and S.

In embodiments, the monomeric repeating units include the third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c), as previously described. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is provided in (A) with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture. In embodiments, the chain transfer agent is chosen from thioglycolic acid, esters of thioglycolic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, esters of mercaptopropionic acid, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the chain transfer agent is chosen from thioglycolic acid, methyl thioglycolate, mercaptopropionic acid, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, or combination thereof. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the chain transfer agent is thioglycolic acid. In embodiments, the selection of the chain transfer agent will determine one or more terminal groups of the synthesized acryloyl-based copolymers. For example, use of different chain transfer agents can result in synthesized acryloyl-based copolymers having one or more terminal groups chosen from —OH, —SH, —NH, —COOH, —CHO, and —NOH. In embodiments, terminal groups refer to substituents attached directly to a carbon atom of the main polymer chain. In some embodiments, terminal groups refer to substituents attached directly to a carbon atom at an extremity of the main polymer chain.

In embodiments, the free radical initiator is provided in (A) with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture. In embodiments, the organic solvent is chosen from alcohols (such as, ethanol), paraffin solvents (such as, n-hexane), aromatic solvents (such as toluene), or combination thereof. In embodiments, the organic solvent is chosen from monoethylene glycol, ethanol, toluene, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the organic solvent is monoethylene glycol. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the free radical initiator is 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), the chain transfer agent is thioglycolic acid, and the organic solvent is monoethylene glycol.

In embodiments, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymers. In embodiments where the free radical initiator is an azo free radical initiator, a polymerization reaction may be initiated with heat. In embodiments, the polymerization reaction is initiated via thermal decomposition where a bond of the azo free radical initiator is homolytically cleaved to produce radicals. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, initiating the polymerization reaction includes heating the reaction mixture. In embodiments, the reaction mixture may be heated to a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 75° C., or from 30° C. to about 60° C., or from 40° C. to about 50° C., or about 75° C.

In embodiments where the free radical initiator is an organic peroxide free radical initiator, a polymerization reaction may be initiated with heat. In embodiments, the polymerization reaction is initiated via thermal decomposition where a bond of the organic peroxide free radical initiator is homolytically cleaved to produce radicals. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, initiating the polymerization reaction includes heating the reaction mixture. In embodiments, the reaction mixture may be heated to a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 75° C., or from 30° C. to about 60° C., or from 40° C. to about 50° C., or about 75° C.

In embodiments where the free radical initiator is an inorganic peroxide free radical initiator, a polymerization reaction may be initiated with heat. In embodiments, the polymerization reaction is initiated via thermal decomposition where a bond of the inorganic peroxide free radical initiator is homolytically cleaved to produce radicals. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, initiating the polymerization reaction includes heating the reaction mixture. In embodiments, the reaction mixture may be heated to a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 75° C., or from 30° C. to about 60° C., or from 40° C. to about 50° C., or about 75° C.

As described previously, the acryloyl-based copolymers may be synthesized in a closed system. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the closed system includes a crossflow cell assembly. In embodiments, the closed system may be purged prior to, during, or after initiating the polymerization reaction in (B). In further embodiments, the closed system is purged prior to initiating the polymerization reaction in (B). The closed system may be purged to remove air from the system, such as, e.g., to remove air from the closed system prior to initiating the polymerization reaction in (B). In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the closed system, including the reaction mixture and air, is purged with an inert gas. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the closed system is purged with an inert gas chosen from nitrogen, helium, and combination thereof. In still further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the closed system is purged with N₂.

In embodiments, the reaction time of the polymerization reaction is from about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, or about 60 minutes.

In embodiments, the polymerization reaction is initiated in (B) to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymers. In embodiments, the polymerization reaction is initiated in (B) to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby forming a reaction product which includes synthesized acryloyl-based copolymers. In embodiments, the acryloyl-based copolymers synthesized in (B) have General Formula (I). In embodiments where the reaction mixture includes an organic solvent as previously described, the acryloyl-based copolymers synthesized in (B) are primed for clathrate hydrate inhibition. In further embodiments, the acryloyl-based copolymers synthesized in (B) are primed for clathrate hydrate inhibition such that the acryloyl-based copolymers may be used to inhibit formation of clathrate hydrates without being separated from the reaction product (which may include the components of the reaction mixture of (A), as described previously) or without further post-polymerization treatment. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the reaction product including the acryloyl-based copolymers synthesized in (B) includes an organic solvent, and the reaction product may be used to inhibit formation of clathrate hydrates without at least one of washing the reaction product or freeze-drying the reaction product.

In embodiments, (A) or (B), or both (A) and (B), of the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include mixing. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, (A) or (B), or both (A) and (B), of the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers include stirring.

In embodiments, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers as previously described may alternatively use water in the reaction mixture in lieu of an organic solvent. For example, the methods for synthesizing acryloyl-based copolymers may include: (A) providing a free radical initiator with a solution including monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and water to form a reaction mixture; and (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby forming a reaction product which includes synthesized acryloyl-based copolymers. (A) and (B) are as previously described, except that in embodiments where the reaction mixture includes water in lieu of an organic solvent, the acryloyl-based copolymers synthesized in (B) must be separated from the reaction product prior to use in clathrate hydrate inhibition.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments where the reaction mixture includes an organic solvent, the methods for synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymers include providing ABCVA (about 0.175 grams, that is g, 0.624 millimole, that is mmol) with a solution having a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a) (about 2.5 g, 18 mmol) and a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) (about 2.26 g, 18 mmol) and thioglycolic acid (0.495 g, 10.8 mmol) in MEG (about 15 milliliters, that is mL, 16.75 g) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture may be stirred under N₂ at about 60° C. for about 2 hours to obtain an acryloyl-based biopolymer.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments where the reaction mixture includes water in lieu of an organic solvent and where R² is Q¹ in General Formula (I), the methods for synthesizing the copolymers of General Formula (I) include providing ABCVA (about 1.25 mmol) with a solution having monomeric repeating units having formula (1a) (about 24 mmol), (1b) (about 24 mmol), and (1c) (about 18 mmol) and thioglycolic acid (about 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. In embodiments, the reaction mixture is stirred under N₂ at about 63° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for 24 hours to obtain a reaction product including a synthesized acryloyl-based terpolymer. After 24 hours, in embodiments, the reaction product is cooled to room temperature, washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL), and freeze-dried.

In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments where the reaction mixture includes water in lieu of an organic solvent and where R² is Q² in General Formula (I), the methods for synthesizing the copolymers of General Formula (I) include providing ABCVA (about 1.25 mmol) with a solution having monomeric repeating units having formula (1a) (about 24 mmol), (1d) (about 24 mmol), and (1c) (about 18 mmol) and thioglycolic acid (about 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. In embodiments, the reaction mixture is stirred under N₂ at about 63° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for 24 hours to obtain a reaction product including a synthesized acryloyl-based terpolymer. After 24 hours, in embodiments, the reaction product is homogenous, cooled to room temperature, washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL), and freeze-dried.

In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ of General Formula (I) or of monomeric repeating units having formula (1a), (1b), (1c), and (1d) are as described previously with regard to General Formula (I). As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, quantities of reactants, for example, monomeric repeating units (1a), (1b), (1c), and (1d) in the solution may be adjusted to achieve varying molar fractions x, y, or z, of each monomeric repeating unit. Further, as will also be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, bipolymers and terpolymers may be synthesized via the methods described in this disclosure by adding only the monomeric repeating units (1a), (1b), (1c), and (1d) which are desired in the copolymers of General Formula (I).

Embodiments of methods for synthesizing the copolymers of General Formula (I) have now been described in detail. Embodiments of methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates will now be described in detail with reference to FIG. 1.

III. Methods for Inhibiting Formation of Clathrate Hydrates

In one or more embodiments, the disclosure describes methods for inhibiting clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates, the methods including contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming clathrate hydrates. In further embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is as described previously. In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is the acryloyl-based copolymer synthesized in a reaction mixture including an organic solvent or water, as described previously.

In the copolymers of General Formula (I), R¹ and R³ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹ and R³ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹ or R³ is two. Additionally, in the copolymers of General Formula (I), R² is chosen from Q¹ and Q²:

in which: R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where: the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R⁴ and R⁵ include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R⁴ or R⁵ is two. Also in the copolymers of General Formula (I), x is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; y is a molar fraction range chosen from about 0.1 to about 0.9; and z is a molar fraction range chosen from 0 to about 0.8, where the summation of x, y, and z equals 1.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent linear C₄-C₆ aliphatic groups and divalent linear C₄-C₆ heteroaliphatic groups, R² is Q², and R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent linear C₄-C₆ aliphatic groups and divalent linear C₄-C₆ heteroaliphatic groups, R² is Q¹, and R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₅ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₅ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent linear C₄-C₆ aliphatic groups and divalent linear C₄-C₆ heteroaliphatic groups, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, x is a molar fraction of about 0.8, and y is a molar fraction of about 0.2.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₅ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₅ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, x is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, y is a molar fraction range of from about 0.25 to about 0.75, and z is a molar fraction greater than 0. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), x and y are equimolar fractions. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), x, y, and z are equimolar fractions. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, in the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), the viscosity average molecular weight of the at least one copolymer is in the range of from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol.

In embodiments, the fluid is contacted with a formulation including the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I). In embodiments, the fluid is contacted with about 3 weight % of the formulation, where the amount of formulation relates to the percentage of the water cut. More specifically, in embodiments, the formulation includes one or more of the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) (for example, two or more copolymers of General Formula (I) could be used), solvents or additives. In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is an acryloyl-based copolymer primed for clathrate hydrate inhibition. In further embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is an acryloyl-based copolymer which may be used to inhibit formation of clathrate hydrates without being separated from the reaction product, as described previously. In embodiments where the acryloyl-based copolymer is primed for clathrate hydrate inhibition, the formulation includes acryloyl-based copolymers provided in the reaction product including the organic solvent, as previously described.

In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is compatible with additives. In embodiments, the additives are chosen from corrosion inhibitors and synergists. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the formulation includes from about 0.01 weight % to about 33 weight % of the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), from 0 weight % to about 67 weight % of the solvent, and from 0 weight % to about 1 weight % of the additive. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the formulation includes from about 0.1 weight % to about 5 weight % of the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I), from 0 weight % to about 20 weight % of the solvent, from 0 weight % to about 10 weight % of the additives, from 0 parts per million (that is, ppm; a mass fraction) to about 3000 ppm of the corrosion inhibitors, from 0 ppm to about 3000 ppm of the scale inhibitors, from 0 weight % to about 40 weight % of the thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, and from about 0 weight % to about 10 weight % of the anti-agglomerates. In embodiments, the amounts disclosed of the formulation relate to the percentage or ppm of the water cut.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the solvents are chosen from water, alcohols, for example, monoethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, and isobutanol, ketones, ethers, and non-polar aromatics, for example, toluene and benzene. In further illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the solvents are alcohols chosen from glycols, for example, monoethylene glycol. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the additives are chosen from corrosion inhibitors and synergists. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the corrosion inhibitors include gas corrosion inhibitors. In embodiments, the synergists are chosen from scale inhibitors, thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, low dose hydrate inhibitors, and anti-agglomerates. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors are chosen from glycol ethers and methanol. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, low dose hydrate inhibitors are chosen from Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and poly(N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide).

In embodiments, the fluid is contacted with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming clathrate hydrates. In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is contacted with the fluid via methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) may be contacted with the fluid via adding, combining, mixing, injecting, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, conditions suitable for forming clathrate hydrates include conditions where the pressure on the fluid is from about 11 bara to about 200 bara, or from about 11 bara to about 50 bara, or from about 50 bara to about 70 bara, or from about 70 bara to about 100 bara, or from about 100 bara to about 140 bara, or from about 140 bara to about 150 bara, or from about 150 bara to about 200 bara, and also includes conditions where the temperature of the fluid is from about 0° C. to about 25° C., or from about 0° C. to about 10° C., or from about 10° C. to about 12° C., or from about 12° C. to about 16° C., or from about 16° C. to about 19° C., or from about 19° C. to about 20° C., or from about 20° C. to about 25° C. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, conditions suitable for forming clathrate hydrates include conditions where the temperature of the fluid is equal to or less than the three-phase equilibrium temperature.

In other embodiments, contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates is effective to inhibit or inhibits the formation of the clathrate hydrates at a first subcooling temperature. In other embodiments, contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates is effective to inhibit or inhibits the formation of the clathrate hydrates at a second subcooling temperature. In still other embodiments, contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates is effective to inhibit or inhibits the formation of the clathrate hydrates at a third subcooling temperature.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates is effective to inhibit or inhibits the formation of the clathrate hydrates in a pressure range of from about 40 bars to about 200 bars. In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates is effective to inhibit or inhibits the formation of the clathrate hydrates in a pressure range of from about 70 bars to about 100 bars.

In embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes water host molecules and natural gas guest molecules. In further embodiments, the natural gas guest molecules are chosen from methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, or combination thereof. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes natural gas guest molecules in the following compositional amounts: methane (from about 60-90 mole %); ethane (from about 0-4 mole %); propane (from about 0-1 mole %); butane (from about 0-1 mole %); carbon dioxide (from about 5-15 mole %); hydrogen sulfide (from about 0-5 mole %); and nitrogen (from about 5-15 mole %). In other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes natural gas guest molecules in the following compositional amount: methane (about 79.6 mole %); ethane (about 1.4 mole %); propane (about 0.2 mole %); butane (about 0.1 mole %); carbon dioxide (about 9.2 mole %); hydrogen sulfide (about 2.3 mole %); and nitrogen (about 7.2 mole %). In other embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes brine, such as is described subsequently in Table 2. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the brine includes chloride anions, sodium cations, acetic acid, formic acid, a conjugate base of acetic acid, a conjugate base of formic acid, or combination thereof.

In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes acid gas guest molecules. For example, in embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates is rich in carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or a combination of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. For example, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates may be rich in hydrogen sulfide where it includes at least about 2 mole % of hydrogen sulfide. As another example, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates may be rich in carbon dioxide where it includes at least about 8 mole % of carbon dioxide. As yet another example, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates may be rich in both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide where it includes at least about 8 mole % of carbon dioxide and at least about 2 mole % of hydrogen sulfide. In still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, or combination thereof. In yet other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates includes methane, ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen gas guest molecules. In yet still other illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates does not include hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, or a combination of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.

In embodiments, the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates is capable of forming SI clathrate hydrates, SII clathrate hydrates, SH clathrate hydrates, or combination thereof. In embodiments, fluids capable of forming SI clathrate hydrates include at least one of methane, ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide. In embodiments, fluids capable of forming SII clathrate hydrates include at least one of propane, butane, or pentane. In embodiments, SI clathrate hydrates and SII clathrate hydrates have crystalline cubic structures which are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In embodiments, SH clathrate hydrates have hexagonal structures which are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In further embodiments where the fluid capable of forming clathrate hydrates is capable of forming SI clathrate hydrates, SII clathrate hydrates, SH clathrate hydrates, or combination thereof, the contacting is effective to inhibit or inhibits formation of SI clathrate hydrates, SII clathrate hydrates, SH clathrate hydrates, or combination thereof.

In embodiments, the fluid is contacted with the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) in an amount effective to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation. In specific embodiments, the fluid is contacted with from about 0.01 weight % to about 33 weight %, or from about 0.1 weight % to about 5 weight %, or from about 0.5 weight % to about 4 weight %, or about 2.5 weight % of the at least one copolymer of General Formula I. In embodiments, the weight % of the at least one copolymer of General Formula I refers to the weight % of the water cut. In embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is water soluble.

As shown in FIG. 1, in embodiments, the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates is contacted with the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) at a tie-in-platform 10. As shown in FIG. 1, in embodiments, the tie-in-platform 10 is an offshore platform which is in fluidic communication with an onshore plant 100 via a pipeline 50. In embodiments, the tie-in-platform 10 is in fluidic communication with wellheads 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600, which provide an interface for drilling and production equipment. In embodiments, the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates is flowing in pipeline 50. In further embodiments, the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates is flowing in pipeline 50 from an offshore site to an onshore site. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates is flowing in the pipeline 50 from the tie-in-platform 10 to the onshore plant 100. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is injected into the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates at the tie-in-platform 10.

In embodiments, the tie-in-platform 10 includes a receptacle 15 for holding clathrate hydrate inhibitors and a clathrate hydrate inhibitor injection skid 20. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is held in the receptacle 15 for holding clathrate hydrate inhibitors. In illustrative, non-limiting embodiments, the at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) is injected into the fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates via the clathrate hydrate inhibitor injection skid 20.

Embodiments of methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates using the acryloyl-based copolymers having General Formula (I) have been described in detail.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the synthesis of the copolymers having General Formula (I) and of comparative homopolymers, and also illustrate methods of the present disclosure. The compounds synthesized should be understood to be illustrative in nature and in no regard limiting to the scope of General Formula (I) or of the methods described.

Example 1: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers (that is, ABB) having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₄—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized. Specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 milligrams, that is mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 36.3 mmol):

(that is, N-acryloylmorpholine) (M1), a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M2) (about 36.3 mmol):

(that is, N-acryloylpyrrolidine) (M2), and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-1):

as a white product (Yield: about 87%).

Example 2: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.75, y is about 0.25, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 1 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 54.45 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M3) (about 18.15 mmol):

(that is, N-acryloylhomopiperidine) (M3), and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-2):

as a white product (Yield: about 95%).

Example 3: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.80, y is about 0.20, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 2 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 58.08 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M3) (about 14.52 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-3):

as a white product Yield: about 85%).

Example 4: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.25, y is about 0.75, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 2 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 18.15 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M3) (about 54.45 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-4):

as a white product (Yield: 87%).

Example 5: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q² in which R⁵ is —(CH₂)₆— substituted with O, R³ is not present, x is about 0.75, y is about 0.25, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 1 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 54.45 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M4) (about 18.15 mmol):

(that is, N-vinylcaprolactam) (M4), and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-5):

as a white product (Yield: about 93%).

Example 6: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q² in which R⁵ is —(CH₂)₆— substituted with O, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 5 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 36.3 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M4) (about 36.3 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-6):

as a white product Yield: about 95%).

Example 7: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q² in which R⁵ is —(CH₂)₆— substituted with O, R³ is not present, x is about 0.25, y is about 0.75, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 5 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 18.15 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M4) (about 54.45 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-7):

as a white product (Yield: about 90%).

Example 8: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₄—, R² is Q² in which R⁵ is —(CH₂)₆— substituted with O, R³ is not present, x is about 0.25, y is about 0.75, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 5 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M2) (about 18 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M4) (about 54 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-8):

as a white product (Yield: about 88%).

Example 9: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₅—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized as in Example 2 except as indicated otherwise. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M5) (about 5.05 g, 36.3 mmol):

(M5, that is N-acryloylpiperidine), a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M2) (about 4.54 g, 36.3 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-9):

as a white product (Yield: about 94%).

Example 10: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Terpolymers Having General Formula (I) in Water

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based terpolymers (that is, ABT) having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₅—, R³ is —(CH₂)₄—, x is about 0.33, y is about 0.33, and z is about 0.33, were synthesized. More specifically, acryloyl-based terpolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 0.35 g, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 3.38 g, 24 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M5) (about 3.34 g, 24 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M2) (about 3.0 g, 24 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 0.995 g, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was kept under N₂ for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature to obtain a homogenous solution. The reaction mixture was washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) to remove unreactive materials. A water layer was extracted and bubbled with N₂ to remove soluble ether from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was freeze-dried to evaporate solvent and to obtain an acryloyl-based terpolymer of structure (ABT-10):

as a white product (Yield: about 87%).

Results.

The terpolymer of structure (ABT-10) did not show a lower critical solution temperature (that is, LCST) at room temperature. The ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) and ¹³C-NMR spectra was carefully analyzed. For example referencing FIG. 2, the ¹H-NMR spectrum of structure (ABT-10) (400 MH_(Z), D₂O) is provided, in which: δ [PPM]=3.7 (br, 12H, CH₂—N—CH₂); 2.7 (br, 4H, CH₂—O—CH₂); 1.7 (br, CH₂— block main chain and CH₂— in pyrrolidine and piperidine rings). Additionally, referencing FIG. 3, the ¹³C-NMR spectrum of structure (ABT-10) (100 MH_(Z), D₂O) is provided, in which: 174.5 (C═O), 66.4 (CH₂—O—CH₂), 46.8 (CH₂—N—CH₂), 43.8, 38.8, 34.2, 27.2, 23.8. The terpolymer of structure (ABT-10) was confirmed via the spectra of FIGS. 2-3. For example, the number of protons associated with spectrum peaks can be estimated via integration thereof in FIG. 2; additionally, the formation of a polymer can be determined via the spectrum peaks in FIG. 2. Additionally, the functional groups of the terpolymer of structure (ABT-10) can be confirmed via chemical shifts in the spectrum of FIG. 3.

Example 11: Characterization of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers' (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), and (ABB-4) and Acryloyl-Based Terpolymer's (ABT-10) Inhibition of Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), and (ABB-4) were synthesized as in Examples 1-4. Additionally, acryloyl-based terpolymers having structure (ABT-10) were synthesized as in Example 10. The ability of (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized. More specifically, Rocking Cells (that is, RC-5) were employed to characterize the ability of acryloyl-based copolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation. The RC-5 included five Hastelloy cells (PSL Systemtechnik Gmbh, Osterode am Harz, Germany) capable of operating under high pressure (that is, up to 200 bars) and in sour gas conditions. The five Hastelloy cells of the RC-5 were immersed in a temperature controlled bath containing ethylene glycol and water. During operation, the RC-5 was rocked to achieve mixing of the reactant slurry. The volume of the Hastelloy cell with a mixing ball was about 30 mL. The RC-5 enabled formation of natural gas clathrate hydrates under simulated operating conditions to test the effectiveness of the acryloyl-based copolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10). Data acquisition was completed with WinRC software to measure the pressure and temperature with time in each of the five Hastelloy cells.

In a typical run simulating pipeline operating conditions in the field, each of the five Hastelloy cells was charged with about 10 mL of an acryloyl-based copolymer formulation. Specifically, the 10 mL acryloyl-based copolymer formulation included an acryloyl-based copolymer (about 0.105 g), a solvent (about 0.195 g monoethylene glycol, that is, MEG), and brine (about 9.7 g), as set forth in Table 2. Then, the five Hastelloy cells were charged with a natural gas for one hour until equilibrium was reached, as described in Table 3, that is, a natural gas was added to the five Hastelloy cells, to a pressure of about 140 bars at 21° C. The brine included an aqueous solution of chloride anions, sodium cations, acetic acid, formic acid, and conjugate bases as set forth in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Brine Ion/Molecular Formula Common Name Concentration (mg/L) Cl⁻ Chloride Anions 607 Na⁺ Sodium Cations 393 CH₃COOH Acetic Acid 500 HCOOH Formic Acid 250

Because natural gas in the field contains large amounts of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen and also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, and butane, to simulate pipeline operating conditions in the field, a natural gas composition as set forth in Table 3 was employed:

TABLE 3 Natural Gas Composition Molecular Formula Common Name Mole % CH₄ Methane 79.6 C₂H₆ Ethane 1.4 C₃H₈ Propane 0.2 C₄H₁₀ Butane 0.1 CO₂ Carbon Dioxide 9.2 H₂S Hydrogen Sulfide 2.3 N₂ Nitrogen 7.2

Then, in this specific Example, each of the five Hastelloy cells were charged with 10 mL of an acryloyl-based copolymer formulation including acryloyl-based copolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10) and the brine of Table 2. Each acryloyl-based copolymer structure was tested separately, that is, two different acryloyl-based copolymer structures were not paired together in a single test. Then, the five Hastelloy cells were charged with a natural gas, as described in Table 3, to a pressure of about 140 bars at 21° C. Referencing FIG. 4, the RC-5 was then programmed to change temperature at three operation stages as set forth generally in Table 4. More specifically, the RC-5 was programmed to change temperature at three operation stages, where Stage 1 was from between about 0 to 1500 minutes, Stage 2 was from about 1500 to 3000 minutes, and Stage 3 was from about 3000 to 32000 minutes.

TABLE 4 Programmed Temperature Stages in the RC-5 - Program 1 Starting Temperature Average Ramp T_(sc) Duration Stage (° C.) (° C./minute) (° C./min) (hours) 1 14.6 0.1 4  24 to 120 2 13 0.1 5.6 24 to 48 3 8.1 0.08 10.5 2 to 6

The three-phase equilibrium temperature (that is, liquid, vapor, and hydrate) of clathrate hydrates in the natural gas composition of Table 3 was calculated via methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The calculated equilibrium curve of hydrate formation showed the three-phase equilibrium temperature of about 18.6° C. at 140 bars. Moreover, the pressure changes for liquid, vapor, and hydrate phases were accounted for by employing a mass balance of the natural gas composition so that pressure changes were accurately attributed to clathrate hydrate formation.

The ability of acryloyl-based copolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was evaluated at three subcooling temperatures: about 4.0° C., about 5.6° C., and about 10.5° C. The ability of acryloyl-based copolymers having structures (ABB-1), (ABB-2), (ABB-3), (ABB-4), and (ABT-10) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was evaluated at three subcooling temperatures to determine the induction period and the temperature at which clathrate hydrate formation occurred. More specifically, in embodiments, the ability of acryloyl-based copolymers to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was evaluated by assessing the pressure during each of the operation stages at the various subcooling temperatures, where a stable pressure was determined to be indicative of clathrate hydrate inhibition.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 5, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-1) was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at both a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C. and a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C. Additionally, as also shown in FIG. 5, the acryloyl-based terpolymer having structure (ABT-10) was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at both a first subcooling temperature and a second subcooling temperature.

Example 12: Characterization of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers' (ABB-5), (ABB-6), (ABB-7), and (ABB-8) and Polyvinylcaprolactam's Inhibition of Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having structures (ABB-5), (ABB-6), (ABB-7), and (ABB-8) were synthesized as in Examples 5-8. The ability of (ABB-5), (ABB-6), (ABB-7), and (ABB-8) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized as in Example 11. Polyvinylcaprolactam (that is, PVcap) was synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M4) (about 10.0 g, 72 mmol):

and and thioglycolic acid (995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred under N₂ at about 70° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for about 3 h. After the elapsed time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed with ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain PVcap as a colorless liquid (Yield: about 94%). The obtained PVcap did not show any LCST at room temperature or even at 60° C.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 6, the acryloyl-based bipolymers having structures (ABB-5), (ABB-6), and (ABB-7) were effective inhibitors of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C. Additionally, as also shown in FIG. 6, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-8), was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C. and at a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C. Moreover, minimal clathrate hydrate was formed at a third subcooling temperature 10.5° C. in the presence of acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-8). PVcap was not an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at any subcooling temperature.

Example 13: Characterization of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers' (ABB-9) and (ABB-15) Inhibition of Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-9) was synthesized as in Example 9. Acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-15) was synthesized as in Example 15, described subsequently. The ability of (ABB-9) and (ABB-15) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized as in Example 11.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 7, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-9) was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C., a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C., and a third subcooling temperature of 10.5° C. Additionally, as also shown in FIG. 7, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-15) was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C. and at a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C.

Example 14: Characterization of Ability of Acryloyl-Based Homopolymers Having Structures (ABH-11)-(ABH-14) to Inhibit Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based homopolymers (that is, ABH) having structures (ABH-11), (ABH-12), (ABH-13), and (ABH-14) were synthesized. Acryloyl-based homopolymers having structures (ABH-11), (ABH-12), (ABH-13), and (ABH-14) are shown:

Specifically, (ABH-11) was synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 0.35 g, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 72 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 0.166 g, 1.80 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was kept under N₂ for about 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for about 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature to obtain a homogenous solution. The reaction mixture was then washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain (ABH-11) (Yield: about 96%) as a white powder.

Similarly, (ABH-12) was synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 0.35 g, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 72 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 334 mg, 3.60 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was kept under N₂ for about 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for about 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature to obtain a homogenous solution. The reaction mixture was then washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain (ABH-12) (Yield: about 94%) as a white powder.

Similarly, (ABH-13) was synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 0.35 g, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 72 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 111 mg, 1.20 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was kept under N₂ for about 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. using a magnetic stir-bar for about 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature to obtain a homogenous solution. The reaction mixture was then washed with petroleum ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain (ABH-13) (Yield: about 95%) as a white powder.

(ABH-14) was synthesized by polymerizing a solution of monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 12.0 g, 85 mmol):

and in water (about 300 mL) using K₂S₂O₈ (about 2 g) at 50° C. under N₂ for about 1.5 hours. The solution was dropped into acetone to obtain (ABH-14) (Yield: about 100%) as a white polymer.

The ability of (ABH-11), (ABH-12), (ABH-13), and (ABH-14) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized as in Example 11.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 8, the acryloyl-based homopolymers having structures (ABH-11), (ABH-12), (ABH-13), and (ABH-14) were not effective inhibitors of clathrate hydrate formation at any subcooling temperature.

Example 15: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I)

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers (that is, ABB) having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₅—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized. Specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 350 milligrams, that is mg, 1.25 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M1) (about 36.3 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M5) (about 36.3 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (about 995 mg, 10.8 mmol) in water (about 42 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated under N₂ at about 63° C. for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with ether (about 3×20 mL) and freeze-dried to obtain an acryloyl-based bipolymer of structure (ABB-15):

as a white product (Yield: about 88%).

Example 16: Synthesis of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers Having General Formula (I) in MEG

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₅—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized. More specifically, acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) were synthesized by adding ABCVA (about 0.175 g, 0.624 mmol) to a solution having a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M5) (about 2.5 g, 18 mmol):

a monomeric repeating unit of structure (M2) (about 2.26 g, 18 mmol):

and thioglycolic acid (0.495 g, 10.8 mmol) in MEG (about 15 mL, 16.75 g) under N₂ to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred under N₂ at about 60° C. for about 2 hours to obtain an acryloyl-based biopolymer of structure (ABB-9):

in MEG as a transparent solution. The final concentration of (ABB-9) in the reaction product was 24.7 wt. %.

Results.

Without being bound by the theory, it is believed that polymerization of the biopolymer of structure (ABB-9) was completed in about 30 minutes. Polymerization completion was evidenced by the absence of monomers in the ¹H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture, as shown in FIGS. 9A-9B.

Example 17. Characterization of Ability of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers (ABB-9) Synthesized in MEG to Inhibit Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) were synthesized in MEG as in Example 16. The ability of (ABB-9) synthesized in MEG to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized as in Example 11, except as otherwise stated. Each of the five Hastelloy cells was charged with about 10 mL of an acryloyl-based copolymer formulation, where the 10 mL acryloyl-based copolymer formulation included acryloyl-based copolymers having structure (ABB-9) (about 0.33 g) in MEG and brine (about 10.6 g) as set forth in Table 2.

Then, the five Hastelloy cells were charged with a natural gas, as described in Table 3, to a pressure of about 140 bars at 21° C. Referencing FIG. 10, the RC-5 was then programmed to change temperature at three operation stages as set forth generally in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Programmed Temperature Stages in the RC-5 - Program 2 Starting Temperature Average Ramp T_(sc) Duration Stage (° C.) (° C./minute) (° C./min) (hours) 1 14.6 0.1 4  24 to 120 2 13 0.1 5.6 24 3 10.1 0.1 8.5 2 to 6

The ability of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) synthesized in MEG to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was evaluated at three subcooling temperatures: about 4.0° C., about 5.6° C., and about 8.5° C. The ability of acryloyl-based bipolymers having structure (ABB-9) to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was evaluated at three subcooling temperatures to determine the induction period and the temperature at which clathrate hydrate formation occurred.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 11, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-9) synthesized in MEG was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C., a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C., and a third subcooling temperature of 8.5° C.

Example 18: Synthesis and Characterization of the Ability of Acryloyl-Based Bipolymers (ABB-9) in Water to Inhibit Clathrate Hydrate Formation

Materials and Methods.

Acryloyl-based bipolymers having General Formula (I) in which R¹ is —(CH₂)₅—, R² is Q¹ in which R⁴ is —(CH₂)₆—, R³ is not present, x is about 0.5, y is about 0.5, and z is 0, were synthesized in water as in Example 9.

The ability of (ABB-9) synthesized in water to inhibit clathrate hydrate formation was characterized as in Example 18, except as otherwise indicated. Specifically, with regard to charging the Hastelloy cells with about 10 mL of an acryloyl-based copolymer formulation, the 10 mL acryloyl-based copolymer formulation included an acryloyl-based copolymer (about 0.105 g), a solvent (about 0.195 g MEG), and brine (about 9.7 g), as set forth in Table 2.

Results.

As shown in FIG. 12, the acryloyl-based bipolymer having structure (ABB-9) synthesized in water was an effective inhibitor of clathrate hydrate formation at a first subcooling temperature of 4.0° C., a second subcooling temperature of 5.6° C., and a third subcooling temperature of 8.5° C.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described in this disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus it is intended that this disclosure cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

It is noted that terms like “generally,” “commonly,” and “typically” are not utilized to limit the scope of the claims or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claims. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present disclosure.

It is to be further understood that where descriptions of various embodiments use the term “comprising,” or “including” those skilled in the art would understand that in some specific instances, an embodiment can be alternatively described using language “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as reaction conditions, and so forth used in the disclosure and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this disclosure and claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently-disclosed subject matter.

It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this disclosure includes every lesser numerical limitation, as if such lesser numerical limitations were expressly written in this disclosure. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this disclosure will include every greater numerical limitation, as if such greater numerical limitations were expressly written in this disclosure. Every numerical range given throughout this disclosure will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written in this disclosure.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this disclosure have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter belongs. The terminology used in this disclosure is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the disclosure and appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for synthesizing an acryloyl-based copolymer, the method comprising: (A) providing a free radical initiator with a solution comprising monomeric repeating units, a chain transfer agent, and an organic solvent to form a reaction mixture, in which: the monomeric repeating units comprise a first monomeric repeating unit having formula (1a), a second monomeric repeating unit having formula (1b) or (1d), and optionally a third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c):

in which: R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₇ aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combination thereof, where: the divalent C₄-C₇ heteroaliphatic groups of R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ comprise one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R¹, R³, R⁴, or R⁵ is two; and the organic solvent is chosen from monoethylene glycol, ethanol, toluene, or combination thereof; and (B) initiating a polymerization reaction in the reaction mixture to polymerize the monomeric repeating units, thereby synthesizing the acryloyl-based copolymer.
 2. The method of claim 1, where the free radical initiator is chosen from azo free radical initiators, peroxide free radical initiators, or combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, where: the free radical initiator is an azo free radical initiator, and the azo free radical initiator is 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid).
 4. The method of claim 1, where the chain transfer agent is thioglycolic acid.
 5. The method of claim 1, where: the free radical initiator is 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), the chain transfer agent is thioglycolic acid, and the organic solvent is monoethylene glycol.
 6. The method of claim 1, where initiating the polymerization reaction comprises heating the reaction mixture.
 7. The method of claim 1, where: the method is performed in a closed system, and the closed system is purged prior to the initiating.
 8. The method of claim 1, where: R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups.
 9. The method of claim 1, where: the second monomeric repeating unit has formula (1b), and R⁴ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups.
 10. The method of claim 1, where: the second monomeric repeating unit has formula (1d), and R⁵ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups.
 11. The method of claim 1, where the monomeric repeating units comprise the third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c).
 12. The method of claim 1, where: the monomeric repeating units comprise the third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c), and R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups.
 13. The method of claim 1, where: the monomeric repeating units comprise the third monomeric repeating unit having formula (1c), R¹ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, R³ is chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups, and R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from divalent C₄-C₆ linear aliphatic groups and divalent C₄-C₆ linear heteroaliphatic groups.
 14. The method of claim 1, where the acryloyl-based copolymer synthesized in the reaction mixture is primed for clathrate hydrate inhibition.
 15. The method of claim 1, where: the synthesized acryloyl-based copolymer comprises at least one terminal group chosen from —OH, —SH, —NH, —COOH, —CHO, and —NOH, and the at least one terminal group is determined via the chain transfer agent.
 16. A method for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates, the method comprising: contacting the fluid with the acryloyl-based copolymer synthesized in claim 1 in the reaction mixture.
 17. The method of claim 16, where the fluid is contacted with the acryloyl-based copolymer synthesized in a reaction product without separating the acryloyl-based copolymer from the reaction product.
 18. The method of claim 17, where the separating comprises at least one of washing the reaction product or freeze-drying the reaction product.
 19. The method of claim 16, where the fluid comprises water host molecules and natural gas guest molecules chosen from methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, or combination thereof.
 20. The method of claim 16, where the fluid is contacted with the acryloyl-based copolymer at a tie-in platform. 